The Red Admiral (Vanessa
atalanta) is a very well known butterfly that is often seen in gardens and
parks in the UK, especially in autumn when it is one of the last flying insects
to be seen before the winter begins.
It has very conspicuous red and black wings and
white spots on the wing-tips. The underside of the wings is mainly mottled and
provides camouflage when the wings are folded.
The Red Admiral is a migrant butterfly that arrives
in the UK and northern Europe each year and is believed to hibernate in small
numbers in Britain too. In late summer and autumn it can often be found feeding
on rotting fruit such as apples, pears and plums that have fallen to the ground
in gardens and orchards. Red Admiral adults can often be seen feeding on
Buddleia or the Butterfly Bush (Buddleia
davidii) in late summer. With its spectacular colouration the Red Admiral is one of the most popular and commonly sighted British butterflies.
The caterpillar of the Red Admiral is mostly found
on Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica)
but sometimes will also be discovered eating other plants in the Urticacae
including Pellitory of the Wall (Parietaria
officinalis) and the Small Nettle (U.
urens), as well as Hops (Humulus
lupulus) in the Cannabaceae. The Stinging Nettle is a familiar sight and often
forms large patches alongside fields, on river and railway banks, and on waste
ground and Pellitory of the Wall grows, as its name suggests, in the walls of old
and ruined buildings.
The male Red Admiral butterflies tend to be smaller
than the females but otherwise look identical. Females can be seen flying over
food-plants and stopping to lay eggs but otherwise they are mainly encountered
feeding on flowers or fruit or simply basking or flying in the sunshine.
Canary Red Admiral (Vanessa vulcania)
In Tenerife and the Canary Islands there is a very
similar species of Red Admiral though it is smaller and has slightly different
wing patterns. The red bands have black markings breaking them up. The Canary
Red Admiral (V. vulcania) tends to be
mainly seen in spring and lives in the cooler areas of the islands where there
is more vegetation.
Canary Red Admiral resting
This species is also found living in Madeira. It used to be
referred to as Vulcania indica the
Indian Red Admiral but has been declared as a separate species to this
butterfly. Like the Red Admiral its caterpillars feed on nettles and plants in
the Urticaceae.
Both species of Red Admiral butterfly are very
pretty creatures from the Nymphalidae family and not easily mistaken for any
other species.
Wall Pennywort (Umbilicus rupestris) is an
interesting edible wild plant that you are not likely to mistake for anything
else. It grows, as its name suggests in old stone walls, and also in crevices
in rocks, and has round leaves hence its name.
The Wall Pennywort is also known as Navelwort because
its leaves have a small indentation in the middle that could be likened to a
navel in a human stomach. The leaves grow in rosettes. An alternative name for
the plant is Penny-pies.
Wall Pennywort is found in the UK and parts of
southern and western Europe as well as in the Canary Islands. It has spikes of
greenish-pink flowers on stems that may be a reddish shade and it flowers in
spring and as late as May and early summer depending on location. These
flower-spikes can reach some 10in in height and the small flowers are
bell-shaped. It is a member of the
Crassulaceae or Stonecrop family and is adapted for surviving in dry
conditions. The leaves and plant are succulent and fleshy.
Wall Pennywort in flower
The leaves can be eaten as a salad and have been
compared with a crisp lettuce in flavour. They are best when found growing in
moist conditions or after rain when they are really juicy. Wall Pennywort tends
to turn a reddish colour in very dry conditions and will lose it succulent
fleshiness. Take care when gathering the leaves because Wall Pennywort is very
shallow-rooted and the whole plant can easily be pulled out of the small amount
of soil it is growing in.
Wall Pennywort has been used in homeopathic medicine
and is known as Cotyledon umbilicus
to practitioners. The plant is thought to be the “Kidneywort”, described by
Nicholas Culpeper in the English Physician.
The famous herbalist said of the Wall Pennywort: : "the juice or the distilled water being drank, is very
effectual for all inflammations and unnatural heats, to cool a fainting hot
stomach, a hot liver, or the bowels: the herb, juice, or distilled water
thereof, outwardly applied, heals pimples, St. Anthony's fire, and other
outward heats. The said juice or water helps to heal sore kidneys, torn or
fretted by the stone, or exulcerated within; it also provokes urine, is
available for the dropsy, and helps to break the stone. Being used as a bath,
or made into an ointment, it cools the painful piles or hæmorrhoidal veins. It
is no less effectual to give ease to the pains of the gout, the sciatica, and
helps the kernels or knots in the neck or throat, called the king's evil:
healing kibes and chilblains if they be bathed with the juice, or anointed with
ointment made thereof, and some of the skin of the leaf upon them: it is also
used in green wounds to stay the blood, and to heal them quickly."
Wall Pennywort is a
plant that is easily recognised and is worth adding to the plants you are
foraging for. It really is an enjoyable edible wild plant to be eaten as a
salad vegetable or to add to sandwiches.
Many years ago the Findhorn village in Scotland made
the news because of the gigantic plants and vegetables that grew there, and
this was believed to have happened due to the magical assistance of nature
spirits. Findhorn was soon to become a thriving New Age community and still is
to this day. Now a rare shrub known as Bencomia
caudata has been found growing to the size of small trees here in Tenerife
in the Canary Islands.
According to author and botanist David Bramwell in
his book Wild Flowers of the CanaryIslands, this particular species of Bencomia only reaches 2 m in height and
he describes it as a “small shrub.” However, whilst out walking with friends I
discovered a number of specimens of this rare plant that had developed into
small trees and reached 4 m or more. Some of these had proper branches and trunks
as well. They are of the beaten track and hidden away in the garden of an
abandoned house in the Cuevas Negras area above Los Silos.
Bencomia caudata tree. Photo by David Parkes
I contacted Bramwell and he has confirmed that the
small trees are B. caudata but a lot
bigger than usual. It is thought that the fertile soil where they are growing
has caused their fantastic increase in size. The Cuevas Negras ravine they are
in is sheltered and receives plenty of water. Most of the vegetation growing
there is very tall, green and luxuriant. There are very high plants of some
sort of Cabbage in the garden as well and my friend Holly van Heffernan was
photographed by one of these to show just how tall they are.
Holly van Heffernan with a Cuevas Negras cabbage. Photo by Steve Andrews
The Bencomia genus of shrubs is actually in the
Rosacae or Rose family but only an experienced botanist would be likely to realise
this because the shrubs do not look anything like the popular flower we all
know so well. They are evergreens and have attractive pinnate leaves. The
flowers are carried in inflorescences that later on turn into tightly packed
globular fruits. The flowers are either male or female and the plants are
dioecious.
Palo de Sangre the Stick of Blood. Photo by Steve Andrews
The leaf-form of the Bencomia species bears a
resemblance to those of the Stick of Blood or “Palo de Sangre” (Marcetella moquiniana) that is another
uncommon shrub found in Tenerife. It gets its name from having the upper parts
of its stems covered in bright red hairs. This shrub is in the Rose family too.
It grows on cliffs, slopes and in ravines in the wild but is frequently cultivated
in parks and gardens for its ornamental value.
There are another three species of Bencomia that are
endemics of the Canary Islands. B.exstipulata grows in various locations
in the highlands of Mt Teide, B.
sphaerocarpa is surving in small populations on the forest cliffs of El
Hierro, and B. brachystachya is a
shrub that is only found in Gran Canaria. All of the Bencomias are very rare
plants and protected species.
Summer is the hottest time of the year and has plenty of sunlight, but when
it comes toforagingfor wild foods it is the season in between spring and autumn, which means
that the spring greens are past their prime and the fruits and nuts harvested
in autumn are still not ready.
However, summer is a great season for gathering in the herbs that grow wild
and drying them to preserve them for future use and some like St John's Wort
are traditionally harvested at this time.
St John's Wort
St John's Wort(Hypericum
perforatum) is commonly found growing in grassy places, woodland
clearings and edges, roadsides, waste ground and railway banks and is in full
bloom and full potency at midsummer when it can be collected on St John's Day,
June 24. It is easily recognised by its golden yellow flowers starry 5-petaled
flowers with conspicuous stamens and the flowering tops are the part of the
plant that contains most of its active ingredient hypericin.
St John's Wort
St
John's Wort has become widely known and used as Mother Nature's answer to
Prozac and is on sale as a herbal tea or in other forms as a supplement from
health stores and distributors of such products. It is also a remedy for
anxiety and nervous tension, as well as having antiseptic and anti-inflammatory
properties.
Red Clover(Trifolium
pratense) is a plant that may well also be found in places where St
John's Wort grows and especially in fields and meadows but also on railway
banks and waste ground. TheNative Americansrecognised its medicinal properties after it had been introduced
to the continent and used it against cancerous tumours and skin diseases, as
well as taking it during pregnancy and childbirth and as a general tonic and
herb of purification.
The
flowers are the parts that get used as an infusion and these can be collected
and dried. Red Clover was once used to treat bronchial complaints and is also
thought to be good for balancing blood sugar levels.
Common name: Wild Marjoram - Scientific name: Origanum vulgare Photo by Leo Michels. Usage: Public Domain
Two
aromatic summer herbs that can be used in cooking as well as for medicinal
purposes areWild
Thyme(Thymus drucei) and theMarjoram(Origanum vulgare), both of
which favour grassy places on limestone or a chalky soil.
Wild
Thyme is a tiny little plant that you will have to get down on your hands and
knees to gather and it grows in clumps among short grassland and on downs and
heaths. It produces reddish-purple flower heads and is easier to find and pick
when in bloom, which occurs between June and August.
The
flavour and fragrant aroma of Wild Thyme is much milder than the garden variety
but it is just as useful for flavouring savoury dishes. Richard Mabey awards it
with an A category in his classic bookFood for Free.
Marjoram
is a much bigger plant and when in flower it is easy to spot clumps of it,
especially as it usually has bees and other insects in attendance eagerly
gathering the nectar from its pinkish purple flowers. This is a very aromatic
and spicy herb that is excellent for adding flavour to food.
In
Mediterranean cookery Marjoram has been much valued and made use of, although
in the UK it has often been neglected for some reason, even though one of its
local names is Joy of the Mountain. It is also known as Oregano.
Marjoram
is prepared by collecting some flowering sprigs of the herb, hanging them to
dry and then stripping the leaves and flowers from the stalks. Crushed up in
this dry form it can be stored in airtight jars for future use.
Marjoram
taken as an infusion is good for anxiety, insomnia, colds and chest complaints,
indigestion and tension headaches. It has antiseptic properties too.
Another
common summer herb isFennel(Foeniculum
vulgare) and although it grows inland on waste ground and
cultivated in gardens it really thrives on cliffs and other places by the sea.
It can reach as much as 5 ft in height and is easy to recognise with its
graceful appearance, feathery leaves and umbels of mustard-yellow flowers,
which appear from June to October.
If you
crush any part of the Fennel plant you will notice a strong smell of aniseed
and its flavour is similar too. The seeds are collected later on in the autumn
and are wonderful for adding to curries, stir-fries and other dishes as well as
making Fennel herb tea but the leaves and stalks are gathered in early summer
and hung up to dry.
Finely
choppedFennel leavesare good in salads, with parsnips, and even in apple
pie and the herb is good with oily fish as well. The whole plant is edible and
it really is one of the most useful wild herbs that can easily be found.
In
fact, Fennel is such a versatile plant that Pliny listed it as being a remedy
for no less than 22 complaints and it was one of the Anglo-Saxon herbalists'
nine most sacred herbs. Fennel tea is good for the digestion and it can be used
as a gargle for a sore throat and a mouthwash.
Fennel Tea
250ml/
½ pint/ 1 cup of boiling water 1 teaspoonful ofFennel seed½ thin slice of fresh orange or some grated rind
Crush
the Fennel seeds slightly and place in a teapot and pour the boiling water over
them. Cover and leave to infuse for 5 minutes.
Add the
orange slice or rind for extra flavour, and then strain before serving.
Olives with Wild Marjoram
1 lb of
pricked olives in a jar 1 cup of olive oil 1 teaspoon of Thyme 1 teaspoon of
crushed peppercorns 3 teaspoons of chopped Wild Marjoram
Add the
herbs and spices and olive oil to the olives in the jar, close it, shake well
and store in a refrigerator for at least 2 days.
Serve
the olives with red wine and cheese.
Common Mallow
TheCommon
Mallow(Malva sylvestris) is often
found growing in the same locations as Fennel and is another very useful herb
that flowers from June through until October. Typically encountered on
roadsides, on banks and on waste ground the Common Mallow stands out with its
showy pink five-petalled flowers that are produced on stems that can be as much
as 3 ft in height.
The
leaves, flowers and seeds are all edible as well as having medicinal
properties. The plant contains a lot of mucilage, which taken internally as an
infusion reduces inflammation and is a treatment for coughs sore throats and
bronchitis.
Young
leaves and shoots of the Common Mallow contain vitamins A, B1, B2 and C and can
be eaten raw in salads or cooked as greens. Unripe fruits can also be added to
salads and the seeds are known as "cheeses," due to their shape
rather than the mildly nutty flavour.
The
Romans cultivated the Common Mallow as a culinary and medicinal herb and by the
16th century it had gained a reputation as a cure-all. In sufficient quantity
it has a laxative action and so can help purge the body of toxins and disease.
Meadowsweet
One
more easily found and wonderful summer herb is the Meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria),
which grows in damp places such as river and streamsides and by ponds, and
flowers from June until October with frothy creamy-white flower heads.
Meadowsweet has inspired poets Ben Jonson and John Clare, and the latter
included it in his poem To Summer.
The
flowers and leaves when dried smell of newly mown hay and can be added to
pot-pourri or used to make a herbal tea. It can be used to flavour soups and
stews but has medicinal properties too and is traditionally taken as an
infusion for heartburn and gastric ulcers.
Lime Tree
Besides
all the herbs described above that can be looked for in the countryside, there
is another, which grows much closer to home and is definitely worth knowing
about and that is theLime
Tree(Tilia x europaea), which
can be found in many parks, gardens and along city streets. In June and July
the delightful honeyed fragrance of this common tree perfumes the air and when
they are in bloom is the time to harvest its flowers.
Made
into a herbal tea, known as "Tilleul" in France where it has proved a
very popular beverage, Lime-blossom besides tasting good is good for anxiety
and insomnia because it has mildtranquillising propertiesas well as for treating high blood pressure. Dry the
entire flower head along with its winged bract and make the tea without milk.
In
early summer, before the Lime leaves get too old and tough, they can be eaten
in sandwiches but make sure to wash them first and collect them from out of the
way of roads and traffic fumes.
Summer
is an ideal time for enjoying the countryside and rambling due to the longer
hours of daylight and the warm and sunny weather. The fragrance and the many
uses of the herbs found growing at this time of year are surely another of the
many pleasures of the season.
Footnote:
This article was originally published inPermaculture Magazine,
number 48, summer 2006.
In this video, Royce Holleman talks to myself, Steve Andrews, aka The Bard of Ely, and interviews me about my book Herbs of the Northern Shaman for his Paranormal Palace Radio show.
Besides discussing the mind-altering plants described in this 2010 O-Books/Moon Books publication we also talk about edible plants, foraging, raw food, St John's Wort as an anti-depressant, flying ointment, the law and legal status of many plants, magic mushrooms, herbs in the Bible, Moses and his use of Calamus, artistic inspiration from hallucinogens, hummadruz, UFO author Jenny Randles, Arthur Shuttlewood and UFOs, Magic Saucer UFO magazine, Warminster, Atlantis, David Icke, ayahuasca, Prof Arysio Santos and Atlantis, the Vedas, tribal ways, Christopher Everard, Rastas, soma, Shiva, ancient religions, religious experience, Essiac cancer cure, Hulda Clarke, absinthe, Fly Agaric, and much more.
Foraging
Edible plants like Dandelion are recommended as ones that can be found around the world and are one of several plants thought of as weeds that grow in lawns but are actually good to eat. Clover and the Daisy are two other edible weeds.
Atlantis
We talk about the late Professor Arysio Nunes dos Santo and his website and theories about Atlantis. I point out that Prof Santos believed that many psychoactive herbs, such as Salvia divinorum, were selectively cultivated and created by the people of Atlantis. The professor also believed that Atlantis was located where Indonesia and the South China Sea are today.
Hummadruz
I explain about my Amazon Kindle book Hummadruz and a Life of High Strangeness, and how I learned the term Hummadruz from Jenny Randles the UFO author. My book is an autobiographical account of my paranormal and spiritual experiences in the past. Jenny used to write for Magic Saucer magazine, a publication intended for younger readers and published by Crystal Hogben. I had a regular column in this too entitled Eco-space.
Warminster and UFOs
The late Arthur Shuttlewood, who was the editor of the Warminster Journal and an author of several books about UFOs, was also a writer for this magazine. I talk about how Warminster in Wiltshire was once famous for being a place UFOs were frequently seen.
Calamus
We discuss mind-altering plants mentioned in the Bible and how the prophet Moses was said to have used a “holy anointing ointment” that contained Calamus, a herb that is both a stimulant and a hallucinogen. I talk about how Chris Everard, the film-maker for the Enigma Channel and publisher of Feed Your Brain magazine, claims in his book Stoneage Psychedelia that religious books like this were inspired by ancient people who used hallucinogenic herbs for inspiration and visions. We go on to discuss ‘Soma’ and I point out that this was thought to be the Fly Agaric toadstool.
Essiac
Royce asks me about herbal cures for cancer and I describe the Essiac herbal cancer cure and the very controversial late Dr Hulda Clarke and her treatments which involved the use of Wormwood. I also point out that this potentially dangerous herb was the main ingredient in Absinthe, an alcoholic drink that many great authors, poets and painters drank.
The video interview was intended to be just one hour but because I had so much to say it went on for nearly two.
Bladder Campion (Silene vulgaris) is a common
wild flower in the Pink and Campion family (Caryophyllaceae). It has attractive white flowers carried in inflated bladders, hence its
name, and it is of importance as an edible wild plant that can be gathered by
foragers.
Bladder Campion grows in many parts of Europe, in the UK, and is also found
throughout North America where it is often considered as a weed. Bladder Campion
described Bladder
Campion grows in grassy places and reaches 1-2 ft in height. It is a perennial
plant that can often be found along the sides of pathways, roadsides and at the
edges of fields. It is a dainty-looking wild flower when in full bloom.
In the
UK it flowers between June and August and produces distinctive flower-heads
that are easily identifiable due to the inflated calyxes that form the bladders
which the plant gets it name from. After flowering its tiny brown seeds are
contain in seed-capsules inside the bladder-coating which shrivels with age.
Bladder Campion in
the kitchen
Bladder
Campion has been a popular free food in parts of Spain and the leaves of the
plant were even collected for sale as "collejas." The collectors were
known as "collejeros" and they had to gather a sizeable amount of the
greens to make their efforts worthwhile.
The
young leaves and tender shoots are good in salads but older leaves are usually
cooked by frying or boiling. They can also be added to soups, stews and
omelettes.
Cooked chickpeas with Bladder
Campion greens. Photo by Xufanc.
"Gazpacho
viudo" (Widower gazpacho) is the name of a soup made in the La Mancha
region of Spain. This gazpacho is made by stewing the leaves and it is served
with flatbread. The reference to widower is because this soup was traditionally
only eaten when times were hard and food was scarce.
Bladder
Campion leaves and young shoots can be cooked with chickpeas to make a stew
known as "potaje de garbanzos y collejas," with scrambled eggs as
"huevos revueltos y collejas" and simply cooked and served with rice,
or "arroz con collejas" as the dish is known in Spanish.
According
to Wikipedia, the plant is popular too in Crete where it is called
"Agriopapoula" (Αγριοπάπουλα), and
the leaves and shoots are eaten after browning in olive oil.
Richard
Mabey gives the Bladder Campion a B category as an edible plant in his
forager's BibleFood For Free. This is an
excellent book if you want to learn about the wealth of fruits, nuts, wild
flowers, herbs and fungi that can be found in the countryside and are safe to
use in the kitchen. And there is more useful information on foraging here.
The Grey Dagger (Acronicta psi) and Dark Dagger (A. tridens) are two British moths that
look almost identical as adults but very different as caterpillars. Both moths
have curious black dagger markings on their fore-wings, hence their name.
The Grey and Dark Dagger moths are also found
throughout Europe, the Near East and many parts of Asia. They are in theNoctuidae, a very large family of moths that are also known as "Noctuids",
"Owlets" and "Millers." Many species look very similar and
there is often confusion in identifying them.
Strangely the Dark Dagger is often the paler in colour
than the Grey Dagger. But the real natural mystery is why the two moths look so
alike and yet their larvae are so different?
The Grey Dagger
The
Grey Dagger is thought to be the commoner of the two species but this is not
certain due to the confusion with identification of the adult insects. The only
way of determining which moth is which is by examination of the genitalia by an
expert on moths.
The
Grey Dagger's fore-wings are a pale to a blackish grey and the dagger-like
markings are also thought to resemble the Greek letterpsiψ and this is how it was given its scientific species
name. The hind-wings are a dirty grey but generally not as pale and as white as
those of the male of the Dark Dagger. The wingspan is 34-45 mm. The adult moth
feeds on nectar.
The
Grey Dagger flies in June and overwinters in the pupa stage in a fairly flimsy
cocoon that is spun under loose bark. The caterpillars usually feed on Hawthorn
but also can eat, Blackthorn, Plum, Pear, Apple, Sallow and Birch. It has also
been reported feeding on Pyracantha and is often found in gardens with fruit
trees and ornamental shrubs.
It is a
pretty creature with a bright yellow line down its back, black-edged red spots
along each side and a raised hump on ring four of its body. It is far more
colourful than the rather dowdy adult moth although the adult's black dagger
markings add to its charm.
Grey Dagger caterpillar in Public Domain
The Dark Dagger
The
Dark Dagger moth is found in England and Wales, and though present in Scotland
and Ireland is thought to be not at all common in either. It is also
distributed throughout Europe from Fennoscandia to the Balkans and down into
Italy and Turkey. The species is found as well in Russia and as far over as
China, Korea and into Japan.
Dark Dagger by M. Virtala
The
Dark Dagger flies in June and July, and in captivity a second brood in October
is sometimes produced. The caterpillar of the Dark Dagger feeds from August to
October and is found on Hawthorn, Blackthorn, Rowan, Buckthorn, Plum, Pear,
Apple, Birch and Sallow.
It does
not have such a high hump as the related Grey Dagger's caterpillar, nor does it
have a bold yellow line down its back. The larva of the Dark Dagger is black
with a broad reddish stripe along it back in the middle and one other on each
side. The middle stripe is interrupted with white and has a small black hump on
the fourth ring and another broader one on the eleventh. The caterpillar, like
that of the Grey Dagger has numerous hairs sprouting from its body as well.
Dark Dagger caterpillar by Lilly M
Like
the Grey Dagger it overwinters as a pupa in a silken cocoon that it spins under
loose bark. It is reported that it can sometimes spend two winters in this
stage.
The
Dagger Moths are well worth looking out for although you are more likely to see
the colourful caterpillars.
